Editor’s Note: For simplicity and ease of reading, in this community, we use the term “mothers” to refer to pregnant people and those who have given birth. But we want to acknowledge that not all people who can get pregnant identify as women and that some people who give birth identify as men or nonbinary. We also recognize that parenthood exists in many forms, including adoptive and foster parenthood. Health Union strives to create an inclusive space while providing accurate health information.
Welcoming a new life into the world is a magical experience. But for some new parents, it can also bring unexpected challenges. Postpartum depression (PPD) is a type of depression that affects many new mothers. It can cause emotional and physical distress during a time that is also a time of change.1
PPD can cause complications that parents must be aware of. By understanding these complications, you and your family can get the support you need during this precious time.
Future episodes of depression
Postpartum depression is not always limited to the period of time right after childbirth. If left untreated, PPD can last for several months or even longer. Some people also might have recurring episodes of depression in the years following childbirth.1-3
Data show that people who have had PPD before have a 40 to 50 percent chance of it occurring in a future pregnancy. Early intervention and proper management can help lower the risk of and impact of future episodes of PPD.3
Difficulty bonding with your baby
In the early days of parenthood, a strong emotional bond often forms between a mother and baby. But postpartum depression can complicate this process.1
Some people with PPD might find it challenging to bond with their babies. This is a common symptom of PPD. Difficulty bonding with your baby can be very distressing and can lead to feelings of guilt and sadness.1,2
This can be a heartbreaking experience. But seeking help through therapy, support groups, and open communication will help establish a nurturing bond over time.1,2
Breastfeeding problems
There is a bidirectional link between breastfeeding and postpartum depression. This means that the link goes both ways. For example, studies show that mothers with PPD are at an increased risk of not breastfeeding.3
On the flip side, breastfeeding issues may lead to frustration, anxiety, feelings of inadequacy, shame, or sadness. Breastfeeding issues may include trouble producing milk, latching problems, and more. Since the act of breastfeeding is considered a bonding time with a baby, problems with it can worsen a mother’s mental health.4
Postpartum depression in the other parent
PPD is not always limited to the parent who gave birth. PPD can have a “ripple effect” on their spouse, partner, and family. Witnessing a partner's struggle with postpartum depression can lead to emotional strain for the other parent. It can also lead to:1,2
- Changes in roles and responsibilities
- Relationship struggles
- Communication challenges
- Feelings of overwhelm, neglect, or isolation
- Financial stress
Long-term effects on your child
Unfortunately, postpartum depression can have lasting effects on the child's development as well. Babies thrive on emotional connection. If a mother's PPD goes untreated and prevents her from providing consistent care and attention, it may impact the child's emotional and physical health.1-3
Research has shown that a mother’s PPD can cause the following complications in a child:2,3
- Delays in language development
- Increased risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- Sleep problems
- Eating problems
- Excessive crying
With proper treatment, support, and ways to cope, mothers can work toward creating a positive environment for their child's development.2,3
Risk of self-harm, suicide, and infanticide
The overwhelming emotional strain of parenthood combined with hormonal changes can lead some mothers to have thoughts of self-harm or suicide. While the risk of carrying out these actions is extremely low among mothers with PPD, it is still very serious.1-3
While even more rare, thoughts of harming the baby may be a complication of severe postpartum depression. There are very few cases of mothers killing their babies (infanticide).3
Intrusive thoughts about harming the baby can happen for people with PPD. These thoughts may be scary, and there usually is no actual intent of harming the child.1,3
If you are having any thoughts of harming yourself or your baby, seek help right away. Reach out to your doctor, therapist, or support network. You can also contact the 988 Suicide & Lifeline Crisis by calling or texting 988. They are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.