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Postpartum Depression Versus Baby Blues

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By Editorial Team

3 min read

Reviewed by: HU Medical Review Board | Last reviewed: September 2023

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common condition. It affects 1 in 7 mothers after they give birth. PPD is also called peripartum depression, as its symptoms can occur during pregnancy as well.1

The postpartum period is a complex period with many emotional ups and downs for parents. Because of this, it is important to distinguish between normal feelings and serious mental health symptoms. Postpartum depression screenings should be part of a mother's follow-up care after childbirth. But there are other health conditions that have similar, overlapping symptoms with PPD.1

Baby blues

Often confused with PPD, baby blues is a common condition experienced by 70 percent of mothers. It can happen to parents after any pregnancy. It typically occurs within the first few days after giving birth. Symptoms of baby blues can include:2

  • Tearfulness and bouts of crying
  • Mood swings
  • Irritability
  • Mild anxiety

Many of these symptoms overlap with those of PPD. But the main difference between the 2 conditions is that PPD lasts longer and its symptoms are more severe.2

Unlike PPD, baby blues are short-lived and tend to resolve on their own within a couple of weeks after giving birth. Experts believe the hormonal changes that occur after childbirth contribute to baby blues. It is a common and temporary adjustment period for most mothers.2

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Major depressive disorder (MDD)

Postpartum depression shares many symptoms with major depressive disorder (MDD). But they differ in context and timing. PPD occurs specifically during pregnancy and up to 12 months after childbirth. MDD, on the other hand, can affect people at any point in their lives. However, PPD may lead to an episode of MDD if PPD is left untreated or symptoms are persistent.3

Overlapping symptoms include persistent feelings of sadness, fatigue, and loss of interest in daily activities. But studies comparing PPD with MDD have shown the following symptoms to be more common or severe in people with PPD:3

  • Anxiety
  • Obsessive and intrusive thoughts
  • Restlessness and agitation
  • Difficulty concentrating and decision-making

A person with a history of MDD is much more likely to have PPD than someone without this history. Thankfully, the 2 conditions are treated the same way. Both MDD and PPD are treated with a combination of therapy and antidepressant drugs.3

Peripartum anxiety

Anxiety is another condition that is quite common among people who have just given birth. Peripartum anxiety refers to anxiety symptoms that occur during or after pregnancy.1

Peripartum anxiety can take a mental and physical toll, with symptoms like:1

  • Excessive worry
  • Feeling panicky for no obvious reason
  • Restlessness
  • Irrational fears and obsessive thoughts
  • Difficulty sleeping
  • Rapid heart rate
  • Muscle tension

Peripartum anxiety can be challenging to tell apart from general new parent worries. But if it interferes with your daily life and functioning, it is time to seek support and treatment.1

Peripartum bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder is marked by mood swings that range from manic (elevated mood and impulsivity) to depressive (low mood and lethargy) episodes. Some mothers may develop new or worse bipolar symptoms during or after pregnancy. This condition is known as peripartum bipolar disorder.1

The risk of this condition is higher among those who have a personal or family history of mental illness. Here are some symptoms to watch out for:1

  • Intense sadness
  • Elevated mood
  • Racing thoughts
  • Trouble sleeping or high energy
  • Poor judgment or impulsive decision-making

Peripartum bipolar disorder is treated with certain medicines and therapy. The sooner a person gets treatment, the better.1

Postpartum psychosis

Although very rare (it occurs with about 1 in 1,000 deliveries), postpartum psychosis is a severe mental health condition. This disorder occurs within the first few weeks after childbirth. It is more common among those with a personal or family history of bipolar disorder. Postpartum psychosis involves symptoms like:1,2

  • Hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not there)
  • Delusions (believing things that are not true)
  • Severe mood swings
  • Disorganized behavior
  • Paranoia
  • Suicidal thoughts

Postpartum psychosis is a medical emergency. Mothers who have any of these symptoms should get medical help as soon as possible to ensure their safety and the safety of their baby.1,2

Treatment and support are available

Experiencing any of these conditions does not make you a "bad" mother or mean you love your child any less. Mental health challenges can affect anyone, and seeking help is a sign of strength. All of the conditions listed here are treatable with therapy and medicine. With early and appropriate treatment, people can make a full recovery.2

If you or someone you know is struggling during or after pregnancy, reach out to a healthcare professional for an assessment. They can help diagnose you and guide you on what treatment option is right for you.